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Bailing Out Fannie and Freddie

How do the bailouts of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and the Federal National Mortgage Association affect us?

July 15, 2008 - by Arnold Kling
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I used to work at Freddie Mac (Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation), in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These days, I like to joke that when I worked there, nobody had ever heard of them, because the place ran so smoothly that they were never in the news.

Recently, Freddie Mac and its big sister, Fannie Mae (Federal National Mortgage Association), have been in the news too much. On Sunday, U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson issued a statement that his agency, along with the Federal Reserve Board and other agencies, had developed a plan for “maintaining confidence” in the two government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs). The plan includes enhanced backing of GSE debt as well as an unusual provision to allow the Treasury to purchase shares of stock in the two companies.

What is the purpose of the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac? How did they get into trouble? Will the new plan work? As ordinary homeowners and taxpayers, what should we think about the latest developments?

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are known as government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) because they were created by the government and have enjoyed special regulatory privileges. However, they are both privately owned, with shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange.

Fannie Mae was created during the Depression, as an institution that would purchase mortgage loans. At the time, many regional banks failed, and Fannie Mae was like a giant national bank specializing in home mortgages.

Freddie Mac was created in 1970, to address a different problem. California was chronically short of mortgage money, and other states’ lending institutions had excess capital but were precluded by law from lending across state lines. Freddie Mac was chartered to create a “secondary mortgage market,” which would allow a mortgage lender in one state to purchase securities backed by mortgages originated by other lenders in other states. To do so, Freddie Mac guaranteed repayment of the loans.

Neither Freddie Mac nor Fannie Mae originates mortgage loans. As a home buyer, you will never deal directly with a GSE to obtain a loan. Instead, the GSEs buy mortgage loans that are originated by other firms, including banks and mortgage bankers.

As of the late 1970s, most of the mortgage credit in the United States was supplied by savings and loan associations (S&Ls), which are very similar to banks. However, the inflation of the 1970’s wreaked havoc on the highly-regulated S&L industry, leading to its collapse. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, with strong encouragement from Congress, stepped in to take mortgage assets off the balance sheets of the S&Ls for a fee. In effect, the GSEs fed off of the carcasses of the S&Ls, and subsequently the GSEs took over the role of being the chief providers of home mortgage credit in the U.S.

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Arnold Kling is an economist who worked at the Federal Reserve Board in the 1980s and at Freddie Mac in the 1980s and 1990s. He blogs at Econolog.

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8 Comments

1. Sue:

First, Mr. Kling, let me say that the S&L destruction was caused by bottom-feeders. In the late 90’s and early 2000s’, when the lending market exploded, investment bankers and Wall Street wanted “in” the action and proceeded to get more “flexible” securities and urged the sub-prime market to expand. During that time, many “investment bankers” bought out lending institutions and put them in the position of middle men of originating, funding and then handing off the profits to them. This overheated the housing market and fueled an unreasonable demand for housing for “investors” and anyone who felt that they could make money with real estate, without any experience, except for lying to lenders about their assets and their representatives, brokers, assisting in every way.
Now, those who bought in this fashion whine hourly and will get help they should not. Those that lost or are losing their home because there is no longer a market for lending professionals cannot get any assistance. Freddie and Fannie should never have gone private, that allowed the Liberal politicians of both parties to get rich at the expense of the taxpayers…as usual. Someone should check the mortgage of every single politician and their staffers to see just how large was the “Dodd” payback. You would be more than surprised. This methodology is business as usual for the likes of companies like Countrywide.

Jul 15, 2008 - 7:39 am 2. Jarhead:

Dumb question.

Wouldn’t mortgage insurance be required on those low-down-payment loans the GSEs acquired? Shouldn’t the insurance companies be taking the hit?

Were they stupid enough to buy uninsured high-risk loans?

Jul 15, 2008 - 10:05 am 3. David Thomson:

“Were they stupid enough to buy uninsured high-risk loans?”

How much of this mess is due to politically correct Democrats forcing lending institutions to provide loans to credit unworthy individuals because of their minority status? Once this ball got rolling—things rapidly got worse. If nothing else, lenders surrendered to avoid further bad publicity. Race hustlers like Jesse jackson pushed them to the wall. Loans inevitably were granted to people who were very high credit risks.

Jul 15, 2008 - 10:33 am 4. purpleslog:

“Wouldn’t mortgage insurance be required on those low-down-payment loans the GSEs acquired? Shouldn’t the insurance companies be taking the hit?”

They are. Check out insurers like MGIC from my hometown. They are burning cash reserves fast.

Jul 15, 2008 - 1:47 pm 5. kabud:


It is not clear why the GSEs chose to purchase these loans, since they are outside of the GSE charters. One story has it that they were afraid of losing market share. Another story I have heard is that the GSEs were under pressure from Congress to do more to provide funds for “affordable housing,” and the GSEs interpreted this as requiring more high-risk lending.

I heard another story: i heard that `enemy` did it to ruin our financial system.

Even in LENIN’ times it was openly discussed in communist russia as a method to gain world domination: attack on western finance system.

whoever that may be: kremlin, beijing or `islamists`: i think only russians have knowledge and expertise in this, and lots of russians work in finances in US, tens of thousands if not more: just go downtown new york and walk the street you will hear them talking.

I used to work as a head hunter for IT industry in the 90s. We placed dozens of russians and we were a very small agency. I know that many very high profile hedge funds are crawling with russians.

I know a financial organization called Money Garden: these people made their money through the unexpected death of a large investor from moscow who gave them 20 or 40 mil

Well it may be far fetched but it depends on how yuo look at it and what you know. From what i know – they planned it, they have capability to facilitate it, they wanted to do it. I am not sure how though.

Jul 15, 2008 - 4:28 pm 6. wGraves:

The insurance companies, AMBAC, MBIA, et. al. are already toast. Oops.

Jul 15, 2008 - 6:03 pm 7. BizzyBlog » The Fred and Fan Folderol:

[...] here are excerpts from that better column, by Arnold Kling at Pajamas Media (bold is mine): Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are known as [...]

Jul 16, 2008 - 3:26 am 8. kabud:

IMPORTANT READING HOW American Republic is going to fall VERY SOON. JUST READ IT. THINK.
http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2008/0718.html

High Finance and Bolshevik Principles by J. R. NyquistIt was Joshua Rosner, writing in the Financial Times on Tuesday, who said it best. “In a capitalist economy, losers are expected to take losses and winners to gain.” But that’s not the way it works today, is it? More than three Decades ago, Richard Nixon famously said: “We’re all Keynesians now.” In 2008 we can go further. If George Bush had Nixon’s grasp of affairs, he would be forced to admit: “We’ve all become socialists, despite our lip service to the free market.”

Rosner says we have begun to nationalize bad assets. From there it is a small step to the nationalization of good assets. In fact, the two things logically entail one another. As Rosner asserts, we have officially lost faith in the market. We have lost faith in the source of our prosperity. We no longer abide the creative destruction of the market process. We do not want the suffering that naturally attends real growth. Good things and only good things are demanded. Losses are unacceptable, even though these always attend genuine achievement. Everybody has to be a winner. In today’s school system we find no child left behind, which exemplifies the ongoing catastrophe in American education.The logic of late capitalism (the declining form of capitalism) calls for the elimination of all suffering (and therefore, the elimination of real growth). This program is the basis of latter-day social democracy, which opposes the market because pain and tragedy are normal to the market system. Social democracy wants a world without failing corporations or banks. It is no wonder, then, that step-by-step they have ringed the market with “protections.” Today’s social democrat (and compassionate conservative) wants the benefits of the market without the pain of market process. The Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises once wrote: “Men must choose between the market economy and socialism. They cannot evade deciding between these alternatives….” No pain, no gain.So there you have it. A decision has been made (and nearly everyone agrees), that pain must be nationalized. Ergo, bad assets must be nationalized because bad assets involve pain. Someone somewhere figured out that nationalizing a thing makes it go away. Take, for example, health care. You nationalize health care and it’s gone. You nationalize any industry and it withers away. Apply this redistributionist principle to all human suffering and, well, you have socialism.The process is logical, based on the human desire for a free pass. And so, we nationalize the losses from Bear Stearns. The FDIC kicks in over IndyMac. Taxpayers must pay for the mega-blunders of Fannie and Freddie. Where will it end? The redistribution of liabilities is the first step. Let everyone hurt a little, with responsibility shifted onto everybody (i.e., nobody in particular). Say goodbye to pain, but also say goodbye to the U.S. dollar.The collectivization of financial loss necessarily entails the collectivization of financial profit. As for freedom itself, the system of government brought in by the Founding Fathers cannot survive a general acceptance of Bolshevik financial practices. According to the Austrian economists, Ludwig von Mises, “Every step a government takes beyond … protecting the smooth operation of the market economy against aggression … is a step forward on a road that directly leads into the totalitarian system where there is no freedom at all.”If only the Bolsheviks had understood the reach of their principles in 1917. Think how differently they would have handled the early Soviet period. Their tendency was to bring about socialism in the clumsiest, most violent way. They put the cart before the horse, got angry when the cart didn’t move and shot the horse. None of this was necessary. All they needed was to wait for bourgeoisie to self-tenderize.

The Bolsheviks didn’t need to storm the Winter Palace or starve the Kulaks. Purges and show trials were completely out of the way. All one needed to create a Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was patience. The capitalists themselves, weakened by their own promotion of hedonism, would inevitably seek refuge in the nationalization of investment risk. Thus, socialism would be installed at one stroke in the name of saving capitalism. There was never any need to arm the proletariat or hang businessmen on street lamps. The businessmen will hang themselves, in due course, by demanding a Soviet style of government. The proper ingenuity of the Communist is nothing more than the anticipation of his victim’s suicidal impulses.One only has to wait for the FDIC to detonate beneath a floundering Republic. If anyone thought U.S. Treasury bonds are a riskless investment, think again. Am I suggesting the U.S. government will default on its obligations? In my opinion, no other outcome is imaginable. If you doubt this conclusion, try to imagine federal, state and local government paying off $10 trillion. It’s not going to happen, as the readiest method of default open to government is the debasement of the national currency. This means an end to American international power – financial and military. It means an end to the old international order, which has existed since 1945.It means global revolution. Wave hello to socialism.

Jul 19, 2008 - 1:09 am

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