Kosovo Balkanizes Europe… Again
Kosovo's declaration of independence exposes the weak side of the European Union, which is unable to forumulate a unified response to the newly self-proclaimed republic, writes Soeren Kern.
In 1991, as the Balkans were disintegrating, the then-Foreign Minister of Luxembourg, Jacques Poos, proclaimed: “This is the hour of Europe. It is not the hour of the Americans.” It was (presumably) his way of saying that European governments had a responsibility to intervene in a crisis that threatened the stability of Europe.
But Europeans, paralyzed by their divisions, were unable to prevent an escalation of the conflict and Yugoslavia descended into the abyss of ethnic cleansing that cost more than 250,000 lives. It was only after the United States stepped in that a peace agreement was finally secured.
Fast-forward to 2008 and the Balkans are again confirming to the world that Europe, notwithstanding all of its superpower pretensions, remains as divided and as weak as ever. Despite several months (indeed years) of heated deliberations about the future status of Kosovo, European Union foreign ministers have not been able to agree on a common EU position. And now that the long-awaited moment of Kosovo independence has finally arrived, the EU has been able only to issue a face-saving official statement: It says it is up to individual member states to decide whether to recognize the newly self-proclaimed republic.
Although all the major countries in Europe-France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom-have moved quickly to recognize Kosovo as an independent country, at least seven EU member states say they will not acknowledge the new state. They worry that their own minorities could exploit the precedent that Kosovo sets.
Cyprus, for example, which is divided into the Turkish-occupied north and the Greek south, has called the bluff on the well-worn myth of European unity. Cypriot Foreign Minister Erato Kozakou-Marcoullis said: “We will never recognize the independence of Kosovo.”
Romania is also opposed to Kosovo independence; it worries that Russian separatists might press their claim on the disputed region of Transnistria in neighboring Moldova. Romanian President Traian Basescu called Kosovo’s declaration “an illegal act.” Ditto for Slovakia. It fears its ethnic Hungarian minority may secede. Slovakian Foreign Minister Jan Kubis said: “Slovakia does not see a way to recognize Kosovo.”
Greece and the Netherlands, meanwhile, are taking a wait-and-see approach. Greek Foreign Minister Dora Bakoyannis said: “Greece will take any of its decisions at a later stage.” And Dutch Foreign Minister Maxime Verhagen said: “Lets first wait for Kosovo’s Constitution. We need to examine the issue closely and ensure that human rights and the rights of the Serb minority are respected.”
The Czech Republic, for its part, says it needs more time. “The EU will be like a cycling pack. Some countries will move quickly, some will need several weeks,” said Czech European Affairs Minister Alexandr Vondra.
Few EU countries are probably more nervous about Kosovo than is Spain, which fears it could further fuel separatist passions in the Spanish regions of the Basque country, Catalonia and Galicia.
The question of separatism is already at the top of the political agenda in the March 9 general elections. The center-right opposition accuses Socialist Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero of having encouraged separatism through his (badly botched) attempt to negotiate with ETA, the Basque terrorist group. Indeed, Foreign Affairs minister Miguel Angel Moratinos tried to persuade Kosovo leaders to delay their independence declaration until after the Spanish elections. In any case, Zapatero has been keen not to antagonize Basque and Catalan nationalists because they are essential to his governing coalition.
Predictably, the nationalist parties in Spain have welcomed Kosovo’s declaration of independence.
In the Basque region, for example, Eusko Alkartasuna, a Basque nationalist party, said that Kosovo had exercised “its right to self-determination.” Another Basque separatist party, Aralar, said Kosovo’s declaration was a “lesson in the defense of rights” of minorities, and called on the Spanish government to “grant the Basques the right to freely and democratically decide their future.”
The Basque regional government, which plans to stage a referendum on Basque independence in October 2008, said that Kosovo’s declaration was “lesson to follow” in resolving matters of “conflicts of identity.”
In Catalonia, where a sizeable minority would like to be independent from Spain, Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, a leftist nationalist party, said the declaration by the Kosovo parliament establishes “an important precedent.” Meanwhile, the center-right Convergència i Unió, called on Madrid to recognize Kosovo’s independence. “If the Socialist government refuses to recognize what most of the EU recognizes, that shows that it is afraid or that it does not have democracy in mind,” it said.
British Foreign Secretary David Miliband has tried to put a brave face on the divisions plaguing the EU. He declared that Europe has provided “clear leadership” on Kosovo. Slovenian Foreign Minister Dimitrij Rupel, whose country holds the EU’s rotating presidency, agrees: “The EU once again survived this test of unity,” he said, albeit somewhat unconvincingly.
The patchwork of contradictory positions on Kosovo shows (once again) that, in the real world, there is no such thing as European unity.
Soeren Kern is Senior Fellow for Transatlantic Relations at the Madrid-based Grupo de Estudios Estratégicos / Strategic Studies Group.
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11 Comments
1. DoktorNo:It is worth to say, that Poland is a hestitating to recognise Kosovo. The president Kaczyński and minister of foreign affairs are “expressing their concern”, so in diplomatic language means a postponing the final decision.
Feb 24, 2008 - 11:23 pm 2. Sentido comun:Les pido disculpas por usar el español, desgraciadamente solo domino este idioma y el hibrido que produce el traductor de Google.
Mal asunto este de Kosovo y gran hipocresía de algunas naciones Europeas como por ejemplo Francia que con “mano dura” (política inflexible) reprimen sus focos separatistas nacionalistas mientras avivan los de otras naciones.
Les voy a resumir mi impresión desde España de lo acaecido en Kosovo. Imaginen que algún Estado norteamericano con el pasar del tiempo es masivamente poblado por mexicanos por poner un ejemplo y al ser mayoría “étnica” deciden independizarse de los USA. Eso mismo ha pasado en Kosovo la inmigración islamista Albanesa emigro a Kosovo, después fueron mayoría y después….
Tengan ustedes cuidado con los Europeos terminan siempre enredándolos y al fina quedan ustedes como los malos de las películas. Por otro lado los islamistas por muchos favores que ustedes les hagan siempre les odiaran, pues ellos lo que odian es la esencia de occidente, y ustedes son ahora la quintaesencia de esto.
Saludos desde España y reitero mis disculpas por no poder expresarme en inglés.
Feb 25, 2008 - 6:17 am 3. Kate:Wouldn’t the splintering of the nations into these smaller units actually benefit the EU? I mean wouldn’t this type of break-up tend to favor the bureaucratic institution that is the EU? The larger nations have a state sovereignty that goes back for generations, economic stability because of size, and established governments that tend to quarrel with the EU. How will some place like Kosovo or a free Basque survive wihout the unity of Europe promised by the EU?
Why the US would want a stronger EU is a question to me. How is it good for us? Yet those large traditional countries in broken and needy national bits, especially in an economic sense, that can build a strong EU, and for the bureaucrats running that thing, this is a development devoutly to be wished for.
Feb 25, 2008 - 6:32 am 4. Texas Gal:Why the US would want a stronger EU is a question to me
One reason I can think of is that it’s a choice between the EU and keeping them out of the hands (influence and investment) of Russia and China.
Feb 25, 2008 - 8:14 am 5. Hotpatch 6:Strife in the Balkans is hardly a recent phenomenon to Europeans or anybody else. Was it not Otto von Bismark who remarked in the 19th century that “All the Balkans are not worth the bones of one Pomeranian Grenadier?” Not too long after that, an assassination in Sarajevo sparked WWI. The only thing that kept a lid on that part of the world for a while, at least after WWII, was Marshal Tito – Communist thuggery had the virtue of forced unity. The Balkans are, and have been, a festering boil in Europe for centuries. Maybe some day, the Europeans will “get it” and do something positive. But not likely.
Feb 25, 2008 - 8:21 am 6. Alejandro (Madrid):Imagine this:
As a result of lax immigration laws, a porous southern border and the prevailing multi-culti dogma, Arizona is flooded by Mexican immigrants who set up their own churches and elect their own mayors, marginalising the existing population. After a while, they constitute the demographic majority in that State, and they unilaterally decide to secede.
Now imagine that instead of Mexicans, its Muslims.
Feb 25, 2008 - 11:56 am 7. TM Lutas:Romania is not only worried for its neighbor Moldova where Transdniestr separatists already have de-facto secession, running their own slice of Moldova as a stalinist thugocracy but also for Transylvanian seperatists of the garden-variety hungarian and closely related Szekler variant. In fact the whole country is in an uproar over Szeklers explicitly using Kosovo as a precedent after its declaration of independence.
The entire Romanian political class is united against Kosovo independence except for the ethnic hungarian portion of it which is all for it. Why they desire to be a european bantustan (the proposed Szekler territory has no border with anybody but Romania) is beyond me but that’s what they’re agitating for.
Feb 25, 2008 - 3:58 pm 8. Don Meaker:It is important to note that people respond to high tax rates with reduced birth rates. Reduced birth rates lead to demand for immigration to provide the needed workers, legal and illegal. Immigration, particularly the illegal kind, leads to national minorities which have every incentive to overthrow the existing government.
Countries die from internal rot, long before they are crushed from the outside. A fish rots from the head.
Feb 25, 2008 - 6:45 pm 9. Newborn:Alejandro from Madrid imagines: “As a result of lax immigration laws … Arizona is flooded by Mexican mmigrants …”
Imagination is a good thing, however as far as historical facts go, there’s no substitute for reality. Is the current demographic situation in Kosovo a result of a similar situation to the scenario that Alejandro just imagined? Clearly not. From the end of WWII, until the 1990, Albania was ruled by one the most hermetically closed and isolated regimes in the entire world, staunchly Stalinist until the very end. A regime that made even today’s N Korea look like a tea party, a regime that chastised the USSR and the rest of E European for being too liberal, and later China too for opening up trade with the US (in the late seventies). Everyone that has even a smidgen of knowledge of Stalinist Albania, knows that very very few tourists were allowed in and no Albanians could travel outside of the country. The punishment for every one crossing the border was extended to their entire family. Even those very few that managed to escape such hell, would logically settle in the US and West Europe rather than in the impoverished Kosovo.
Feb 25, 2008 - 8:51 pm 10. Titanus:From 1990 until 1999, while Albania opened up to the world, it was Kosovo to be ruled with an iron fist by the strongman of Yugoslavia Milosevic. It’s illogical to think that while he was making plans to eradicate the Albanian element from Kosovo, he would allow millions from Albania to settle in. And again, please provide one single shred of evidence to back up your claims.
But then, Albania’s entire population is only 3.5 million. At the end of the WWII it was a little more than a million. How was is possible then to fill Kosovo with two million “immigrants” as suggested here, and change so drastically the demographics there? Let alone that Serbia’s own official census since WWI, shows clearly that Albanians were always the overwhelming majority in Kosovo.
When someone starts making up stuff, it shows that they obviously have run out of valid arguments.
I never bought into the “humanitarian intervention” or “let’s forge new democracies” smokescreens. The instigators of armed conflicts always resorted to narratives: moral-ethical, millennial, religious, national, political, or mystical-metaphysical. Communism was about extracting the proletariat from the abusive clutches of capitalism; Napoleon’s murderous spree was couched in the values of the French Revolution and he, too, claimed to be spreading democracy throughout Europe; at first, Hitler presented himself as the natural protector of oppressed German minorities in Central and Eastern Europe.
The truth is that nations act out of self-interest. America’s involvement in the Balkans was not motivated by idealism, spurious or real. The passing of the USSR left a power vacuum in Europe and elsewhere, in erstwhile theatres of the Cold War. The USA stepped in to make clear who is the new sheriff in town and to establish its credentials as the sole superpower. Bosnia-Herzegovina and, later, Kosovo served merely to illustrate that saying “no” to the USA was not an option and that defiant dissidents in the New World Order will be severely penalized. The “humanitarian intervention” cover story was good for forging international coalitions and was thus used only twice and exclusively in Europe (America stood by and watched the Rwandan genocide unfold, for instance). Now, no longer in need of partners (or so it believes), the USA doesn’t even bother to pretend any more.
May 27, 2008 - 3:48 pm 11. Titanus:to add…what can the Balkan experiences of the 1990s teach us about the current world situation, the roots of terror, the causes of state failure, and the path toward peace and stability.
The 1990s in the Balkans have taught us, above all, that sustainable peace is a last resort. Peace among nations is the result of attrition and exhaustion, of mutual terror and actual bloodletting – not of amicable agreement and visionary stratagems. It took two world wars to make peace between France and Germany. By forcing an unwanted cessation of hostilities upon an unwilling populace in the early stages of every skirmish, the West ascertains the perpetuation of conflicts.
Wherever possible and applicable, the West should dangle economic carrots (such as EU membership) in front of the bloodied pugilists (although not ram them down their reluctant throats in shows of air superiority, as it did and still is doing in Serbia). Humanitarian aid should be provided and grants and credits for development to the deserving. But the military succor afforded by the likes of Germany to the likes of Croatia and by the benighted Americans to the most extreme elements in Kosovo served only to amplify and prolong the suffering and the warfare.
The West obstinately refused – and still does – to contemplate the only feasible solution to the spectrum of Balkan questions. Instead of convening a new Berlin Congress and redrawing the borders of the host of entities, quasi-entities and fraction entities that emerged with the disintegration of the Yugoslav Federation, the West foolishly and blindly adhered to unsustainable borders which reflect colonial decision making and ceasefire lines. In the absence of a colonizing power, only ethnically-homogeneous states can survive peacefully in the Balkans and elsewhere. The West should have strived to effect ethnic homogenization throughout the region by altering borders, encouraging population swaps and transfers and discouraging ethnic cleansing and forced assimilation (”ethnic denial”).
But the West’s missteps in the Balkans were not confined to the political and geopolitical realms.
The West (actually, America) has many long arms, the IMF and World Bank being the most prominent. These ostensible multilaterals have committed yet another strategic blunder. Instead of weaning their clientele – the post-Communist countries in transition – off central planning and command economics, they engaged in Washington-based micromanagement of their economies. The Bretton-Woods institutions have become all-pervasive, multi-tentacled approximations of the Communist party. They dictate policy, involve themselves in the minutest details of daily management, veto decisions (economic and non-economic), cajole and threaten governments, block private sector lending and compete in the international credit and investment markets.
The post-Communist countries in transition – and Iraq today – are like infants taking their first steps in the demanding world of free markets and capitalism. The multilateral financial institutions are the mother figures. Good mothers let go, encourage in the child a sense of independence, self-reliance, learning by mistakes and the predictability of just rewards and punishments. Bad mothers refuse to acknowledge the emerging boundaries of their off-spring. They reward clinging behaviour and punish every act of separation and individuation. They are overweening, doting, crushing figures. In short: they micromanage.
May 27, 2008 - 4:56 pm